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The Times of India. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous and bays, stretching from the on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.\
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The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. THE CREATIVE These apps put their own spin on the idea of mobile dating, as both focus on the importance of an glad in-person connection rather than online messaging. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009. Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most prime in the world. Mumbai lies on the coast on the west coast of India and has a deep.

Retrieved 29 June 2015. As of 2014 , Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn 1525 , Bombay 1538 , Bombain 1552 , Bombaym 1552 , Monbaym 1554 , Mombaim 1563 , Mombaym 1644 , Bambaye 1666 , Bombaiim 1666 , Bombeye 1676 , Boon Bay 1690 , and Bon Bahia. Retrieved 13 June 2009.\
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**Mumbai Chat Room** - Retrieved 18 June 2009. The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island City or.\
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It is the in with an estimated city proper population of 12. Along with the neighbouring regions of the , it is the second most populous , with a population of 21. Mumbai lies on the coast on the west coast of India and has a deep. In 2008, Mumbai was named an. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest number of and among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies of the. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive before being to the and subsequently to the when in 1661 married and as part of her dowry Charles received the ports of and. During the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of major roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into. In 1960, following the , a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the , commercial and entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow, generating 6. The city houses important financial institutions such as the , the , the , the and the corporate of numerous and. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like , , , , , , and the. The city also houses India's Hindi and industries. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher , attract migrants from all over India, making the city a of many communities and. The , from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used. In 1516, Portuguese explorer used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn 1525 , Bombay 1538 , Bombain 1552 , Bombaym 1552 , Monbaym 1554 , Mombaim 1563 , Mombaym 1644 , Bambaye 1666 , Bombaiim 1666 , Bombeye 1676 , Boon Bay 1690 , and Bon Bahia. After the gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was as Bombay. Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi 1762 referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi, , , and , and as Bambai in. The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored and particularly in Maharashtra. People from Mumbai A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in Marathi, in which the suffix kar means resident of. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. Perhaps at the beginning of the , or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community. In the third century BCE, the islands formed part of the , during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor of. The in were excavated in the mid-third century BCE, and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times. The city then was known as Heptanesia : A Cluster of Seven Islands to the Greek geographer in 150 CE. The in were built between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century. Between the second century BCE and ninth century CE, the islands came under the control of successive : , , , , , Konkan Mauryas, and , before being ruled by the from 810 to 1260. Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the between 520 and 525 , between the sixth to seventh century , 10th century , and 12th century. The was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati present day. The , among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to Mahikawati from in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev. The annexed the islands in 1347—48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of , who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate. The islands were later governed by the independent , which was established in 1407. The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the in , built in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the of Deccan. In 1493, of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated. Portuguese and British rule The built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in. The , founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the during the mid-16th century. Growing apprehensive of the power of the emperor , Sultan was obliged to sign the with the on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535. The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay. They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese and built several churches in the city, prominent being the at 1534 , at 1579 , at 1580 , and at 1632. The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the , Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort , and. The were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Bombay, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land-attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the forced the to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of and , daughter of , placed the islands in possession of the , as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. However, , , , , , , , and still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala. Two views of the English fort in Bombay, c. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675. The islands were subsequently attacked by , the admiral of the , in October 1672, , the Governor-General of on 20 February 1673, and admiral on 10 October 1673. In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the. Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India. Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689—90. The Portuguese presence ended in Bombay when the under captured in 1737, and in 1739. By the middle of the 18th century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India. Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the 1775 , the British formally gained control of and Bassein, resulting in the. The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the 1776 , and later through the 1782 , signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War. Bombay emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century. From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the into a single amalgamated mass by way of a called the , which was completed by 1784. In 1817, the British East India Company under defeated , the last of the Maratha Peshwa in the. Following his defeat, almost the whole of the Deccan came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers. By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale. On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of now Thane. During the 1861—1865 , the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature. The opening of the in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the. In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week. About 850,000 people fled Bombay and the textile industry was adversely affected. As the capital of the , the city witnessed the , with the in 1942 and in 1946 being its most notable events. Independent India Municipal Corporation Building, Bombay in 1950 — Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right. After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the retained by India was restructured into. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State. In April 1950, Municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by merging the and to form the Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation. The to create a separate Maharashtra state including Bombay was at its height in the 1950s. In the discussions in 1955, the demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. The Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra— with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report. Following protests during the movement in which 105 people lost their lives in clashes with the police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960. Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of -speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from , five districts from , and numerous princely states enclosed between them. As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Martyr's Square , and a memorial was erected. The memorial, built to honour the martyrs of the is on its left in the background. The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, and were reclaimed and developed. The BMRDA was established on 26 January 1975 by the as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the. In August 1979, a sister township of was founded by the CIDCO across the and to help the dispersal and control of Bombay's population. The textile industry in Bombay largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 , in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike. Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of. The , which currently handles 55—60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at with a view to de-congest and to serve as a hub port for the city. The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Bombay district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, and , though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration. From 1990 to 2010, there has been an increase in violence in the hitherto largely peaceful city. Following the demolition of the in , the city was rocked by the in which more than 1,000 people were killed. On 12 March 1993, at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries. In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when on the city's. In 2008, a series of by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels. The blasts that occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar on were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai. Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub. For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment. From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry. Mumbai consists of two revenue districts Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: and , which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra. The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island City or. The total area of Mumbai is 603. Of this, the island city spans 67. The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments, the , the and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM. The which includes portions of , and districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 km 2 1681. Mumbai lies at the mouth of the on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the. It sits on Sashti Island , which it partially shares with the. Mumbai is bounded by the to the west. Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m 33 ft to 15 m 49 ft ; the city has an average elevation of 14 m 46 ft. Northern Mumbai Salsette is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 m 1,476 ft at Salsette in the — ranges. The Borivali National Park is located partly in the , and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103. Apart from the , there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: , , , , and. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in , within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. Three small rivers, the , and originate within the park, while the polluted originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous and bays, stretching from the on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large , rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black basalt flows, and their acidic and variants dating back to the late and early eras. Mumbai sits on a zone owing to the presence of 23 in the vicinity. The area is classified as a , which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6. Climate Main article: Mumbai has a , specifically a Aw under the , with seven months of dryness and peak of rains in July. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season. Between June and September, the rains lash the city. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm 136 in for 1954. The recorded in a single day was 944 mm 37 in on. The average total annual rainfall is 2,146. The average annual temperature is 27. In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31. In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29. The record high is 42. Climate data for Mumbai 1981—2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 37. The for the and the monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data. The is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. Mumbai is India's largest city by population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6. Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s. Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the is presently witnessing a reduction in its contribution to India's GDP. Many of India's numerous conglomerates including , SBI , LIC , , and , and five of the companies are based in Mumbai. This is facilitated by the presence of the RBI , the BSE , the NSE , and financial sector regulators such as the SEBI. Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include , , diamond-polishing, and information technology. Despite competition from , and , Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The SEEPZ and the International Infotech Park offer excellent facilities to IT companies. State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India. Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009. Headquarters of the MCGM. The MCGM is the largest civic organisation in the country. Greater Mumbai, an area of 603 square kilometres 233 sq mi , consisting of the and districts, extends from in the south, to and in the north, and in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373. It is administered by the MCGM sometimes referred to as the , formerly known as the Bombay Municipal Corporation BMC. The is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. The Mayor is chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves for a term of two and half years. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in the who is an IAS officer appointed by the. Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee. The exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra, , Daman and Diu, and. The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the , and oversee the national elections held in the city. The is headed by a , who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police is a division of the , under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The , under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation, is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six Divisional Officers. The MMRDA is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of. Mumbai is the seat of the , which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and , and the of and. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the for civil matters, and the for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities TADA court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city. First session of the in Bombay 28—31 December 1885 Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the , also known as the Congress Party. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28—31 December 1885. The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the during the 20th century. The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Bombay, with the formation of the on 19 June 1966, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native in Bombay. Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands with BJP in same year. The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay Municipal Corporation elections. In 1989, the BJP , a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the Maharashtra elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the NCP but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the. Currently, other parties such as MNS , SP , BSP , and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city. In the held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: , , , , , and. A MP to the , the lower house of the , is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the , all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each. In the Maharashtra state assembly elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies. A MLA to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the , out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 15 were won by the BJP, 14 by the Shiv Sena and 5 by the Congress. Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the , five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a whose role is mostly ceremonial. In the , out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats. The tenure of the , Deputy Mayor, and is two and a half years. Main article: Public transport systems in Mumbai include the , , , BEST buses, black-and-yellow meter , and. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008. Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in. Taxis and rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on CNG , and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport. Rail The , popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system. It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the. Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 6. Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours. The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. The and have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014. The of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014. Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the : the headquartered at formerly Victoria Terminus , and the headquartered at. Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the. Long-distance trains originate from , , , , , and. Bus Mumbai's bus services carried over 5. Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of , and Thane. The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 4. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and compliant diesel and powered buses. BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998. BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the buses of London. MSRTC, also known as ST buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states. The NMMT and TMT also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai. Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes. The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous. Bus Rapid Transit System BRTS lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai. Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with. Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world. Water consists of ferries, hovercrafts and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate. Road Mumbai is served by , , , and of India's. The was the first built in India. The was opened in 2013. The , , are under construction. The bridge, along with , links the island city to the western suburbs. The three major road arteries of the city are the from to Thane, the from to and the from to. Mumbai has approximately 1,900 km 1,181 mi of roads. There are five entry points to the city by road. Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014, 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005 , and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013. Air , Mumbai, India The formerly Sahar International Airport is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic. An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014. The proposed to be built in the Kopra- area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. The was India's first airport, and now hosts the and a heliport operated by state-owned. Sea Mumbai is served by two major ports, and , which lies just across the creek in. Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities. Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India. It handles 55—60% of the country's total containerised cargo. Ferries from in allow access to islands near the city. The city is also the headquarters of the , and also an important base for the. See also: Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. The supplies potable water to the city from six lakes, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway. The water is filtered at , which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant. About 700 million litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3500 million litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is , is transported to dumping grounds in in the northwest, in the northeast, and to the in the east. Sewage treatment is carried out at and , and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3. Electricity is distributed by the BEST undertaking in the island city, and by , , and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd in the suburbs. Power supply cables are , which reduces pilferage, thefts and other losses. Cooking gas is supplied in the form of sold by state-owned oil companies, as well as through supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited. The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned , which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile services. Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are , , MTNL, , , and. Both and services are available in the city. Mumbai, along with the area served by in and is classified as a Metro telecom circle. Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. As of 2014 , Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16. See also: The architecture of the city is a blend of , , , and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the and , were built in Gothic Revival style. Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features. There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the. Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along the and west of the. Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the largest number of skyscrapers in India, with 956 existing buildings and 272 under construction as of 2009. The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee MHCC , established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has two , the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the. In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices. In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 31 buildings taller than 100 m, compared with 200 in Shanghai, 500 in Hong Kong and 500 in New York. According to the , the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4. Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the , has a literacy rate of 94. The number of slum-dwellers is estimated to be 9 million, up from 6 million in 2001; that is, 62% of all Mumbaikars live in informal slums. The sex ratio in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work. Mumbai is home to the largest population of in the world. Residents of Mumbai call themselves , Mumbaiite, Bombayite or Bombaiite. Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in : widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live in close proximity to bus or train stations although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district. The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 4. The number of households with annual incomes of 2 million rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 1—2 million rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020. According to the 2016 report of the , Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of , and. Ethnic groups and religions 1. Native Christians include , who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century, while and also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city. The Jewish community of Bombay, who migrated from the villages, south of Bombay, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the ruler,. The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the , Ismaili , and. Language Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other of India. Sixteen major are also spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being , , and English. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as — a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, , , and some invented words — is spoken on the streets. Among minority languages of Maharashtra, Hindi is spoken by 57. Mumbai's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music, and theatres. The city offers a cosmopolitan and diverse lifestyle with a variety of food, entertainment, and night life, available in a form and abundance comparable to that in other world capitals. Mumbai's history as a major trading centre has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. This unique blend of cultures is due to the migration of people from all over India since the British period. Mumbai is the birthplace of — laid the foundations with silent movies followed by —and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century. Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The and the award ceremony of the , the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai. Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the and the. Built in 1833, the is one of the oldest in the city. The formerly The Prince of Wales Museum is a renowned museum in which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history. Mumbai has a zoo named formerly Victoria Gardens , which also harbours a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by winners ,. Beaches are a popular tourist attraction in the city. Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and. The is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films. A week-long annual fair known as , starting on the following Sunday after 8 September, is celebrated by people of all faiths, to commemorate the , mother of Jesus, on 8 September. The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the MTDC at the historic in Mumbai. The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the —is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country. Public holidays specific to the city and the state include on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960, and which is the New Year's Day for. The major beaches in Mumbai are , , Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, , Versova Beach, Madh Beach, , and Beach. Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach. Mumbai has numerous publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top are , , , , Mumbai Chaufer, and. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include , , , , and. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages. Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, , which has been published in Gujarati since 1822. Bombay Durpan, the first Marathi newspaper, was started by in Mumbai in 1832. Numerous and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, , provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. The wide range of cable channels available includes , , , , , DD Sahyadri , news channels such as , , , sports channels like , , National entertainment channels like , , and , business news channels like , , and. News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. DTH has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include and. There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the band, and three stations broadcasting on the band. Mumbai also has access to providers such as. The CAS started by the in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology DTH transmission service. The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and. The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation. Studios in Goregaon, including , are the location for most movie sets. The city also hosts the which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction. The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages Marathi, , , , English, , , and. The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools. Higher education Under the , students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll for two years in , where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the , one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates. The University of Mumbai is one of the premier universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best Universities in India by in 2013 and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty 8th , employer reputation 20th and citations per paper 28th. It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013. With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best University in the QS University ranking. Mumbai is also home to NITIE , JBIMS , NMIMS , , TISS and several other management schools. The is Mumbai's oldest art institution. Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the TIFR , and the BARC. The BARC operates , a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in. Built in 1883, was created out of a marshy land known as Mahalakshmi Flats. Due to a shortage of grounds, generally referred to as gully cricket are played everywhere. Mumbai is home to the BCCI and IPL. The represents the city in the and has won 40 titles, the most by any team. The team is also based in the city. Mumbai has two international cricket grounds, the and the. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the. The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the of the which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and London are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the of an which was played at the Brabourne Stadium in. In the , represents the city; while in the matches in the city are played at the , the city is represented by two teams: and. When the was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season. Named the , the team's first season was played in in late 2012, and it will be Mumbai's first professional. In , Mumbai is home to the and in the and respectively. Matches in the city are played at the. Every February, Mumbai holds races at the. Derby is also held in February at the in Mumbai. In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the , and the F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008. The city is planning to build its own F1 track and various sites in the city were being chalked out, of which the authorities have planned to zero down on Marve-Malad or Panvel-Kalyan land. If approved, the track will be clubbed with a theme park and will spread over an area of some 160 to 200 ha 400 to 500 acres. 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